Genetic Traits

In this schedule genes are classified as non-sex linked and sex-linked traits.

Non-sex linked traits are sub-divided as color genes, genes of structure and feathering and finally as other traits.

Non-sexed linked color genes

Gene	Symbol	inheritance	Typical phenotype
Pattern:
Bars (Wild-type)	+	-	Two wing bars, on a black and brown color base a brown or black tail bar respectively
Checker Dark Checker	C C^D	dominant dominant	Checker, color depending on basic color and other traits, homozygous checks darker and similar to Hollanders dark checks C^D
T-pattern checker	C^T	dominant	Dark checker with visible heavy checks up to a lacing
Dark	C^Dk	dominant	Dark without any lacing. To be separated from self black by the blue tail and black tail band
barless	c	recessive	Lacking wing bars, on a black and brown color base a brown or black tail bar respectively
Other:
Spread	S	dominant	Self color on the non-white parts of plumage, e.g. self black, self brown, lavendel (Spread Ash, self dominant red)
Albino	al	recessive	white with red eyes
Anthrazit	An	dominant	Bleaching of the plumage, often some darker feathers are not affected (Bernhard Köllfhofer, Andreas Boisits)
Bleached	Bl	dominant	Bleaching effect, e.g. at Luzern Gold Collars
Cherry	o^ch	recessive	Allele of Recessive Opal, recessive to opal, similar to light ash red and ash red checker
Dirty	V	dominant	Darkening of Plumage, first days after hatching dark feets.
Plumbum, Plomb	pb	recessive	Brown-bronze Pattern with black tail bar. Together with Spread a plomb-like appearance in shield, wings and tail Head dark, some strains today rather dark compared to the early Trumpeters with this trait. Shows up also in combination with recessive red.
Gimpel- or Archangelbronze 1 (Quinn's Kite Archangel)	Ka1	dominant	Bronze or copper Gimpel coloration at the body. In combination with pale gold. Ka1 mainly restricted to the body, usually the head is not or less affected.
Gimpel- or Archangelbronze 2	ka2	recessive	Spreading of copper or bronze over the head
Dominant White	Wh	dominant	White in Danzig, Stralsund and other highflier breeds
Dominant Opal	Od	Dominant	Yellowish to white lightening of the patter, a general bleaching of the plumage in different degree. Colorations e.g. light blue, isabel, in homozygous state lethal.
Drizzle	Drz	dominant	Bleaching similar to anthrazith (Larry Long,James Gratz). Homozygous according to James Gratz probably lethal. Relation to anthrazit not yet analysed
Ice	Ic	dominant (intermediate)	Ice blue color caused by lightening the outer part of the feather, on a black color base dark bars or checks and dark tail band
Indigo	In	dominant (intermediate)	Brown-reddish checks and bars on a light grayish base with bleached tail bar, in combination with Spread Andalusia. Homozygous indigo plus Spread occur light silver, without Spread similar to ash red.
Kite	K	Dominant	Dark bronze mainly in the inner vane of primaries, general bronze tint (English Short Faced)
Bronze atlas	ba	recessive	bronze-atlas: Arabian Trumpeter reddish tint with cloudy blue color on a smoky-blue ground
Milky	my	recessive	Milky bleaching that also affects bars and tail bar, in combination with Spread „silver“ or „lavendel“ of Lahore and Mookee.
Modena-Bronze (Mahogany)	Ma	Dominant	Bronze pattern, does not affect the tail band. Named Ts) as part of the Toy Stencil-complex
Orient-Stencil	fs	recessive	Lacing, white bars and tail spots at Oriental Owls if S is absent. Without Toy Stencil traits no entirely white coloration
Pencil	pc	recessive	Dark lacing on a light base, e.g. the lacing and bars of Spaniards and Pigeons of Brive.
Pink-eyed Dilute	pd	recessive	Lighting of plumage and extreme red eyes
Platinum	pl	recessive	In the pattern version bown-reddish pattern on a slate platinum base, bleached tail bar. In combination with Spread light platinum cocks and dark platinum hens (Sex-Dimorphism)
Rezessive Opal	o	recessive	Reduction of intensity of color, bleaching of tail bar. Together with Spread dark grey hens and lighter cocks (similar but not identical with recessive opal and some Spread Reduced)
Rezessive Red	e	recessive	Red, yellow (dilute) or gold (pale) pumage inclusive of tail and flights-
Ember	e^Em	dominant	In the juvenile plumage like poor recessive red, after the moult blue with reddish bars or checks.
Rusty	ry	Recessive	Bronze-reddish, in the pattern variant light grey tail with darker stripes, in combination with Spread dark grey, tail band with small whitish stripes, hens usually not as intensive
Grizzle	G	dominant (intermediate)	Peppery lightenig of feathers in heterozygous birds, homozygous lighter, in combination with B^Aup to near white
Small tail band	Sm	Dominant	Small tail band, typical for Uzbek Tumblers
Smoky	sy	Recessive	Darkening of plumage, lightening of skin and beak, outer tail feather’s fane not white in difference to Wild-type.
Sooty	So	Dominant	Color at the central area of the feather, sometimes misclassified as checker. Formerly also considered a recessive so. Often shows up first during the molt
Tiger-Grizzle	G^T	dominant (intermediate)	Colored and white feathers intermixed, usually colored head and primaries
Toy Stencil (Toy Stencil-komplex)	Ts	partial dominant	Responsible for white pattern, e.g. Modena. Probably the result of three traits acting together (Ts1, Ts2, ts3)
Undergrizzle	Ug	Dominant	Whitening oft he basal part of the feathers along the basal shaft
Rezessive White	z^wh	Recessive	White with dark eyes, epistatic to most color genes
White Grizzle	G^W	Dominant	White or near to white plumage, according to Gibson in Gimpel as a mutation
Timisoarer Tumbler Grizzle	Ttg	Dominant	Tigered shield with colored primaries and tail
White Shield	Ws	Dominant	White shields in combination with invisible "Enablers" (Kvidera, Leiß)
Red Neck	Ws^Rh	dominant	Allelic to Ws (e.g. Uzbek Flying Tumblers)
Pseudo tiger	Pst	Dominant	Changes grizzle to tiger in case of specific gene combination inclusive of Spread (according to Leiß at “Hamburg Schimmel”)

Sex-linked Genes

Basic colors
Black (Wild-type)	+	-	Bluish-black color, basis of blue and black colorations. Genetically also the base of other colorations modified by additional factors, e.g. most recessive red, bronze Modena etc.
Dominant Red (Ash Red)	B^A	Dominant	Ash-Red Color, basis of ash red and ash yellow colorations and other colorations modified by additional traits. Typical are ash red flights and tail feathers.
Brown	b	Recessive	Basis of brown and khaki colorations
Dilution traits:
Dilution	d	Recessive	Reduction of intensity of color, black becomes dun, blue become blue silver, ash red becomes ash yellow, recessive red becomes recessive yellow etc.
Pale	d^p	Recessive	Reduction of intensity of color in a lower degree than dilution d
Extreme Dilution Ecru	d^ex	Recessive	Extreme lightening of the plumage
Traits at the Stipper-Locus:
Stipper (formerly often named Almond)	St	Dominant	Almond and “Multicolored”, Sprenkles and Stippers: Two- or three-colored feathers, in combination with Spread Black Sprenkle“, homozygous cocks near to white and often bladder-eyed
Faded	St^F	Dominant	Light creamy or whitish cocks and light faded hens, e.g. a washed out blue bar or mealy
Qualmond	St^Q	Dominant	Similar to St, between St and Faded
Hickory	St^H	Dominant	Similar to St, the tail shows more coloration and a tail bar.
Sandy	St^Sa	Dominant	Similar to St, but less flecking
Frosty	St^fr	Recessive	Frosty lightening of cock, hens are not affected
Others:
Reduced	r	Recessive	Reduction of Intensity of color, blue bar and blue checker get a reddish tint. In combination with Spread blue laced or silver grey. Becomes darker during the first molt.
Rubella	r^ru	recessive	Reduction of intensity of color similar to cherry and reduced. In combination with Spread silvery grey.
Short beak 2	Ku2	Dominant	Reduction of the beak, acts together with the non-sex linked trait Ku1.
Web-Lethal	wl	Recessive	Web between the toes, variable effect, homozygous birds often die in the shell

Traits of feathering

Name	Symbol	Inheritance	Phenotype
Crest	cr	Rezessive	Feather crest of different types like peak, shell etc.
Chinese Nasal Crest	Cnc	Dominant	Nasal Crest at Chinese Tumblers
eye crest	ecr	Rezessive	Eye crests at Pomeranian Eye-Crested Highfliers, linked with shell crest, but due to crossing over plain headed birds with eye-crests occured
Sideburns	Sb	Dominant	At the head, mostly near the beak, reversed feathers
Frayed	F	Dominant	Softer plumage than usual, homozygous similar to silky
Frizzy	fr	Rezessive	Unrevels mostly the proximal portions oft he larger feathers, more pronounced in the juvenal plumage
Curl 1 (frillback)	Cu1	Dominant	According to Wexelsen together with a second trait responsible for frillbacks, later symbolised Cu1 and Cu2
Curl 2 (frillback)	Cu2	Dominant	Second trait responsible for frillback
Bald nake, naked neck	Bn	Dominant (intermediate)	In the first weeks normal, after a while the feathers in the neck drop out (Romanian Bald Naked Tumbler), only on an Ash Red (B^A) basis (van Grouw)
Grease quills		Variable	Small greasy feathers, typical for intense colorations
Tailless		Recessive	Occured in Roller-pigeons
Tailless and flightless		Recessive	"Baby-Doll"-Effect in different breeds
Naked	na	Recessive	Entirely naked, in a strain in the USA, but now extinct, similar effects with some small feather bushels in German Racing Homer 2009/10
Porcupine	p	Recessive	Feathers fail to open
Fringe	fg	Recessive	Similar to silky, not as soft
Scraggly	sc	Recessive	extreme Silky with skin abnormally thick and unpliable
Deutsch Scraggly (German Scraggly)	dsc	Recessive	Similar to Strcaggly, not as extreme
Silky	L	dominant (intermediate)	Frayed plumage, homozygous extreme
grouse	gr	recessive (intermediate)	Medium muffed
Slipper	Sl	Dominant	Shorter foot feathering like in English Pouter
Nasal and beak tuff, rosette	ros	Recessive	Nasal and beak tuff covers the front over the beak, the rosette is a circular forehad crest, birds with crest and tuff or rosette are called „double-crested“
Frillneck (German „Krause“ at the breast)	kr (kr1 und kr2)	Recessive	Frills at the breast of Owls
Split tail)	sl (sl1 und sl2)	Recessive	Forked tails as in Schmolln Trumpeter
Iridescent	Ir	dominant (intermediate)	Feather structure to cause the green sheen in Archangels (Blackwing-Gimpel)

Other traits

Feed blind	fb	recessive	Problems to peck the feed
Clumsy	cl	recessive	Vision problems and by this unstable behavior
Blind	bl	recessive	Blind without any noticable effect at the eyes
Cataract	ca	recessive	Clouding of the lens
Mikrophthalmie	mi	recessive	Small eyes, most birds affected are blind
Erratic	er	recessive	Uncoordinated movement and vision problems
Ataxia	at	recessive	Staggering behavior, uncoordinated movement
Tumbling, rolling	ro	recessive	Tumbling, different styles and degree caused by modifying traits
Web-foot	w	recessive	Skin between the toes in different degree
Amputated	am	recessive	Different expression, sometimes missing toe or toes, missing wing tip
Polydactyly	py	recessive	Extra hind toes and usually reduced vigor, different variants, e.g. skpy in strains of American King. The variant t causes extra toes at the outside of each foot, Another type produced young that had a lot of extra toes but failed to hatch, symbol t^H because the discovery was due to L.B. Tharp in the USA.
No oil gland	n	recessive	No oil gland
Achondroplasia	ac	recessive	Lethal trait, prevents birds to hatch, youngsters in the egg show very short limbs and beak.
Pearl Eyes	tr	recessive	Perl eye
Dark Eyes	da	recessive	Dark eye of Arabian Trumpeters, epistatic to pearl and orange
Beak length 1	Ku1	dominant (intermediate)	Short beak, acting together with the sex-linked gene Ku2 short beaks are caused
Hubbel Breast	Hu	dominant	Larger breast in Hubbel Squab Pigeons